Intelligence measures mental acuity, accuracy of recall, and the ability to reason.
Arcana: Measures your ability to recall lore about spells, magic items, eldritch symbols, magical traditions, the planes of existence, and the inhabitants of those planes.
History: Measures your ability to recall lore about historical events, legendary people, ancient kingdoms, past disputes, recent wars, and lost civilizations.
Investigation: When you look around for clues and make deductions based on those clues, you make an Intelligence (Investigation) check.
Nature: Measures your ability to recall lore about terrain, plants and animals, the weather, and natural cycles.
Religion: Measures your ability to recall lore about deities, rites and prayers, religious hierarchies, holy symbols, and the practices of secret cults.